O EFEITO DA IDADE RELATIVA NA NATAÇÃO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
Palavras-chave:
Efeito da idade relativa, natação, atletas.
Resumo
Muitos atletas se destacam em função do seu desempenho esportivo em determinadas
categorias. É importante sabermos quais fatores que influenciam, no esporte, o desempenho e
consequentemente a seleção dos atletas, onde pode contribuir de modo significativo para a
melhoria dos processos de treinamento. Um deles é o mês de nascimento que é uma variável
que tem sido observada como influenciadora direta na seleção dos atletas no esporte, chamada
de Efeito da Idade Relativa (EIR). O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar, por meio de uma
revisão sistemática, o efeito da idade relativa na natação. A busca de artigos foi realizada nos
seguintes bancos de dados eletrônicos: Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, e também busca de artigos
citados nas referências dos artigos, com data de início 14/06/2019 e término 30/06/2019. A
estratégia de busca foi realizada combinando-se os seguintes termos em inglês: effect of
relative, sports, competition, swimming, athletes e também em português. Foram encontrados
cento e dezenove artigos. Após os critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados nove artigos para
a revisão sistemática. Todos mostraram diversas influências do EIR e alguns artigos
abordaram também a influência dos agentes sociais nesse quesito. Pouco se fala diretamente
desse desporto, e o que é falado pelos autores é direcionado mais ao sexo masculino do que ao
feminino.
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Referências
ANDRONIKOS G, ELUMARO A., WESTBURY T., MARTINDALE R.. Relative age
effect: implications for effective practice. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2016.
BAKER J, SCHORER J, COBLEY S. Relative age effects: na inevitable consequence
of elite sport?. Sportwiss. 2010.
BARDIN, L. Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2011.
BAXTER-JONES, A.D.G. Growth and development of young athletes: should
competition levels be age related? Journal of Sports Medicine, Auckland, v.20, p.59-
67, 1995.
BOUCHER J, HALLIWELL W. The Novem system: a practical solution to age
grouping. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and
Recreation, 1991.
COBLEY S., BAKER J., WATTIE N., MCKENNA J. Annual age-grouping and
athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport.
Journal of Sports Medicine. London, v. 39, n. 3, p. 235-256, Sep. 2009.
CONFEDERAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE DESPORTOS AQUÁTICOS. Categorias da
natação. Disponível em: https://www.cbda.org.br/cbda/natacao/boletins/9236/anos-
categoria-idades-#. Acesso em: 23 abril de 2019.
COSTA, A. M., MARQUES M.C., LOURO H., FERREIRA S.S., MARINHO D.A.
The relative age effect among elite youth competitive swimmers. European Journal
of Sports Science, v. 13, n. 5, p. 437-444, 2012.
DANIEL T, JANSSEN C. More on the relative age effect. Journal of the American
Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1987.
29
DELORME N, BOICHE J, RASPAUD M. The relative age effect in elite sport: the
French case. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2009.
DIPASQUALE G., MOULE A., FLEWELLING R. The birthdate effect. Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 1980.
FEDERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE NATAÇÃO (FINA). Histórico das provas
oficiais. Disponível em: http://www.fina.org/H2O/. Acesso em: 23 de abril 2019.
FRISANCHO, A. R. Developmental adaptation: Where we go from here. American
Journal of Human Biology, 2009.
GALLAHUE, D. L., & OZMUN, J. C. Understanding motor development: Infants,
children, adolescents and adults (6a ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006.
GONAUS, C.; MULLER, E. Using physiological data to predict future career
progression in 14- to 17-year-old Austrian soccer academic players. Journal of
Sports Sciences, London, v. 30, n. 15, p. 1673-1682, 2012.
HANCOCK D.J., ADLER A. L., CÔTÉ J. A proposed theoretical model to explain
relative age effects in sport. European Journal of Sport Science. Mar, 2013.
HELSEN, W.F.; HODGES, N.J.; Van WINCKEL, J.: STARKES, J.L. The roles of
talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise.
Journal of Sports Science, London, v.18, p.727-36, 2000.
HUNTINGTON E. Season of birth. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1938.
KAWATA Y., KAMIMURA A., IZUTSU S., HIROSAWA M. Effect of Relative Age
on Physical Size and Motor Ability Among Japanese Elementary Schoolchildren.
Ahram (ed.), Advances in Human Factors in Sports, Injury Prevention and Outdoor
Recreation, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International
Publishing, 2018.
30
LIBERATI, A. et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and
meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and
elaboration. BMJ, v. 339, p. b2700, Jul 21 2009. ISSN 1756-1833 (Electronic) 0959-
535X (Linking). Disponível em: < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622552 >.
MAGLISCHO, E. W. Nadando o mais rápido possível. 3. Ed. Barueri: Manole, 2010.
MALINA R. Biological maturity status of young athletes. Young athletes. Biological,
psychological and educational perspectives. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics
Books, 1988.
MALINA, R. M. Physical growth and biological maturation of young athletes.
Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, 22, 389 – 433, 1994.
MALINA, R.M.; PENA REYES, M.E.; EISENMANN, J.C.; HORTA, L.;
RODRIGUES, J.; MILLER, R. Height, mass and skeletal maturity of elite
Portuguese soccer players aged 11-16 years. Journal of Sports Science, London, v.18,
p.685-93, 2000.
MALINA, R. M., BOUCHARD, C., & BAR-OR, O. Growth, maturation, and
physical activity (2nd edn.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004.
MALINA, R. M., BOUCHARD, C., & BAR-OR O. Crescimento, maturação e
atividade física. São Paulo: Phorte, 2009.
MEDIC, N. et al. Gender, age, and sport differences in relative age effects among
US masters swimming and track and field athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences,
London, v.27, n. 14, p. 1535-1544, 2009.
MEDIC N, YOUNG BW, MEDIC D. Participation-related relative age effects in
Masters swimming: a 6-year retrospective longitudinal analysis. Journal of Sports
Sciences. P. 29-36. Jan, 2011.
31
MUSH, J.; GRODIN, S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal
development: a review of the relative e age effect in sport. Development Review,
New York, v. 21, n. 2, p. 147-167, 2001.
NAKATA H, SAKAMOTO K. Sex 31alento31es in relative age effects among
Japanese athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2012.
PAGE L., SARKAR D., GONÇALVES J. S. The older the bolder: Does relative age
among peers influence children’s preference for competition?. Queensland
University of Technology 2. Australia, october , 2017.
PAPALIA, D. E., & OLDS, S. W. Desenvolvimento humano (7a ed.). Porto Alegre:
Artmed, 2000.
PEARSON, D. T., NAUGHTON, G. A., & TORODE, M. Predictability of
physiological testing and the role of maturation in talent identification for
adolescent team sports. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 277- 287, 2006.
PENNA E. M. , CAMPOS B. T., GONÇALVES G. G. P. , GODINHO G. H. P., LIMA
C. O. V., PRADO L. S. Relative age effect and dropout causes in a multisport club
setting. Is there a special reason to give up?. Motriz, Rio Claro, v.24, Issue 4, 2018.
RÉ, A.H.N; TEIXEIRA, C.P.; MASSA, M.; BÖHME, M.T.S. Interferência de
características antropométricas e de aptidão física na identificação de talentos no
futsal. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, São Caetano do Sul, v.11, n.4, p.51-
6, 2003.
RÉ, A. H., CORRÊA, U. C., & BÖHME, M. T. Anthropometric characteristics and
motor skills in talent selection and development in indoor soccer. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 110, 916-930, 2010.
ROGOFF, B. A natureza cultural do desenvolvimento humano. Porto Alegre:
Artmed, 2005.
32
ROMANN M, FUCHSLOCHER J. The need to consider relative age effects in
women’s 32alento development process. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2014.
SAAVEDRA, J. M.; ESCALANTE, Y.; RODRIGUES, F. A. A evolução da natação.
Lecturas, Educacion Fisica y Deportes, Buenos Aires, v. 9, n. 66, 2003.
TRANCKLE, P., & CUSHION, C. J. Rethinking giftedness and talent in sport.
Quest, 2006.
VAEYENS, R.; PHILIPPAERTS, R. M.; MALINA, R. M. The relative age effect in
soccer: A match-related perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, London, v. 23, n. 7,
p. 747-756, 2005.
WATTIE N, SCHORER J, BAKER J. The Relative Age Effect in Sport: A
Developmental Systems Model. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014.
WEISS, M. R. Coaching children to embrace a love of the game. Olympic Coach,
Colorado Springs, v. 16, n. 1, p.16-17, 2004.
effect: implications for effective practice. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2016.
BAKER J, SCHORER J, COBLEY S. Relative age effects: na inevitable consequence
of elite sport?. Sportwiss. 2010.
BARDIN, L. Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2011.
BAXTER-JONES, A.D.G. Growth and development of young athletes: should
competition levels be age related? Journal of Sports Medicine, Auckland, v.20, p.59-
67, 1995.
BOUCHER J, HALLIWELL W. The Novem system: a practical solution to age
grouping. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and
Recreation, 1991.
COBLEY S., BAKER J., WATTIE N., MCKENNA J. Annual age-grouping and
athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport.
Journal of Sports Medicine. London, v. 39, n. 3, p. 235-256, Sep. 2009.
CONFEDERAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE DESPORTOS AQUÁTICOS. Categorias da
natação. Disponível em: https://www.cbda.org.br/cbda/natacao/boletins/9236/anos-
categoria-idades-#. Acesso em: 23 abril de 2019.
COSTA, A. M., MARQUES M.C., LOURO H., FERREIRA S.S., MARINHO D.A.
The relative age effect among elite youth competitive swimmers. European Journal
of Sports Science, v. 13, n. 5, p. 437-444, 2012.
DANIEL T, JANSSEN C. More on the relative age effect. Journal of the American
Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1987.
29
DELORME N, BOICHE J, RASPAUD M. The relative age effect in elite sport: the
French case. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2009.
DIPASQUALE G., MOULE A., FLEWELLING R. The birthdate effect. Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 1980.
FEDERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE NATAÇÃO (FINA). Histórico das provas
oficiais. Disponível em: http://www.fina.org/H2O/. Acesso em: 23 de abril 2019.
FRISANCHO, A. R. Developmental adaptation: Where we go from here. American
Journal of Human Biology, 2009.
GALLAHUE, D. L., & OZMUN, J. C. Understanding motor development: Infants,
children, adolescents and adults (6a ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006.
GONAUS, C.; MULLER, E. Using physiological data to predict future career
progression in 14- to 17-year-old Austrian soccer academic players. Journal of
Sports Sciences, London, v. 30, n. 15, p. 1673-1682, 2012.
HANCOCK D.J., ADLER A. L., CÔTÉ J. A proposed theoretical model to explain
relative age effects in sport. European Journal of Sport Science. Mar, 2013.
HELSEN, W.F.; HODGES, N.J.; Van WINCKEL, J.: STARKES, J.L. The roles of
talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise.
Journal of Sports Science, London, v.18, p.727-36, 2000.
HUNTINGTON E. Season of birth. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1938.
KAWATA Y., KAMIMURA A., IZUTSU S., HIROSAWA M. Effect of Relative Age
on Physical Size and Motor Ability Among Japanese Elementary Schoolchildren.
Ahram (ed.), Advances in Human Factors in Sports, Injury Prevention and Outdoor
Recreation, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International
Publishing, 2018.
30
LIBERATI, A. et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and
meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and
elaboration. BMJ, v. 339, p. b2700, Jul 21 2009. ISSN 1756-1833 (Electronic) 0959-
535X (Linking). Disponível em: < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622552 >.
MAGLISCHO, E. W. Nadando o mais rápido possível. 3. Ed. Barueri: Manole, 2010.
MALINA R. Biological maturity status of young athletes. Young athletes. Biological,
psychological and educational perspectives. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics
Books, 1988.
MALINA, R. M. Physical growth and biological maturation of young athletes.
Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, 22, 389 – 433, 1994.
MALINA, R.M.; PENA REYES, M.E.; EISENMANN, J.C.; HORTA, L.;
RODRIGUES, J.; MILLER, R. Height, mass and skeletal maturity of elite
Portuguese soccer players aged 11-16 years. Journal of Sports Science, London, v.18,
p.685-93, 2000.
MALINA, R. M., BOUCHARD, C., & BAR-OR, O. Growth, maturation, and
physical activity (2nd edn.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004.
MALINA, R. M., BOUCHARD, C., & BAR-OR O. Crescimento, maturação e
atividade física. São Paulo: Phorte, 2009.
MEDIC, N. et al. Gender, age, and sport differences in relative age effects among
US masters swimming and track and field athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences,
London, v.27, n. 14, p. 1535-1544, 2009.
MEDIC N, YOUNG BW, MEDIC D. Participation-related relative age effects in
Masters swimming: a 6-year retrospective longitudinal analysis. Journal of Sports
Sciences. P. 29-36. Jan, 2011.
31
MUSH, J.; GRODIN, S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal
development: a review of the relative e age effect in sport. Development Review,
New York, v. 21, n. 2, p. 147-167, 2001.
NAKATA H, SAKAMOTO K. Sex 31alento31es in relative age effects among
Japanese athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2012.
PAGE L., SARKAR D., GONÇALVES J. S. The older the bolder: Does relative age
among peers influence children’s preference for competition?. Queensland
University of Technology 2. Australia, october , 2017.
PAPALIA, D. E., & OLDS, S. W. Desenvolvimento humano (7a ed.). Porto Alegre:
Artmed, 2000.
PEARSON, D. T., NAUGHTON, G. A., & TORODE, M. Predictability of
physiological testing and the role of maturation in talent identification for
adolescent team sports. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 277- 287, 2006.
PENNA E. M. , CAMPOS B. T., GONÇALVES G. G. P. , GODINHO G. H. P., LIMA
C. O. V., PRADO L. S. Relative age effect and dropout causes in a multisport club
setting. Is there a special reason to give up?. Motriz, Rio Claro, v.24, Issue 4, 2018.
RÉ, A.H.N; TEIXEIRA, C.P.; MASSA, M.; BÖHME, M.T.S. Interferência de
características antropométricas e de aptidão física na identificação de talentos no
futsal. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, São Caetano do Sul, v.11, n.4, p.51-
6, 2003.
RÉ, A. H., CORRÊA, U. C., & BÖHME, M. T. Anthropometric characteristics and
motor skills in talent selection and development in indoor soccer. Perceptual and
Motor Skills, 110, 916-930, 2010.
ROGOFF, B. A natureza cultural do desenvolvimento humano. Porto Alegre:
Artmed, 2005.
32
ROMANN M, FUCHSLOCHER J. The need to consider relative age effects in
women’s 32alento development process. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2014.
SAAVEDRA, J. M.; ESCALANTE, Y.; RODRIGUES, F. A. A evolução da natação.
Lecturas, Educacion Fisica y Deportes, Buenos Aires, v. 9, n. 66, 2003.
TRANCKLE, P., & CUSHION, C. J. Rethinking giftedness and talent in sport.
Quest, 2006.
VAEYENS, R.; PHILIPPAERTS, R. M.; MALINA, R. M. The relative age effect in
soccer: A match-related perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, London, v. 23, n. 7,
p. 747-756, 2005.
WATTIE N, SCHORER J, BAKER J. The Relative Age Effect in Sport: A
Developmental Systems Model. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014.
WEISS, M. R. Coaching children to embrace a love of the game. Olympic Coach,
Colorado Springs, v. 16, n. 1, p.16-17, 2004.
Publicado
2020-07-18
Como Citar
Amorim Piloupas, D., & de Cassio Costa Telles, S. . (2020). O EFEITO DA IDADE RELATIVA NA NATAÇÃO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA. Revista Prisma, 1(1), 60-78. Recuperado de https://revistaprisma.emnuvens.com.br/prisma/article/view/10
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